Best and Worst Weight Loss Diets: Pros, Cons, Research

The Weight Loss Plans to Try, and the Fad Diets to Skip, if You Want to See Results

The Weight Loss Plans to Try, and the Fad Diets to Skip, if You Want to See Results
Marc Tran/Stocksy
Millions of Americans have asked themselves “How can I lose weight?” at some point. In fact, a 2024 survey found that about 55 percent of Americans want to lose weight, while about 27 percent are seriously trying to do so, through healthy eating and using fitness trackers to assess their progress.

Research has found that the most common weight loss diets are typically low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, or low-fat, and they sometimes involve a high protein intake or following a ketogenic diet (a special diet that involves eating higher fat and fewer carbohydrates).

But even among these few approaches, there are an overwhelming number of different programs available, and finding the right one can prove challenging. After all, there’s no one-size-fits-all plan that’s perfect for everyone.

How to Pick the Best Diet Plan for You

Before choosing a health or weight loss approach, it’s important to do some self-evaluation by asking yourself some questions.

What Can You Live With in the Long Term?

When it comes to choosing a diet that will provide lasting results, sustainability is the name of the game.

If the diet is a quick fix rather than one that promotes lasting lifestyle changes, this could pose a problem. In particular, extreme diets that promise big weight loss up front aren’t always sustainable — and you may end up overeating or even binge eating if you feel deprived. “Consider if the diet’s habits are ones you can continue throughout your lifetime, not just 21 or 30 days,” says Angie Asche, RDN, a sports dietitian in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Which Diet Program Is Best for Your Overall Health?

Some diet plans, such as the MIND diet and the DASH diet, are meant to focus on certain areas of health, and weight loss may be a side effect. Others are created with weight loss as a primary goal. No matter which you choose, it’s important to remember that everyone is different. What works for one person may not work for you, and vice versa.

Many diet plans cut out entire food groups, which can create nutrient deficiencies as well as health problems. For instance, if the diet is very low in carbohydrates and you are on medication for type 1 or type 2 diabetes, it’s probably not a good fit.

And if it’s too restrictive and you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, it’s not a good idea, either.

Keep in mind that pregnancy is not a time for weight loss. Speak with your doctor before making any changes to your diet if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Is the Diet Approach Safe for You to Follow?

Make sure the diet you choose has been studied extensively for safety (this article provides information on whether that’s the case for the diet you’re considering) — and discuss any changes with your physician or registered dietitian before beginning a new diet. If you don’t have a dietitian, find one in your area on the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics website. And do a self-check to ensure the diet fits with your values and preferences.

“Don’t like eating meat?” asks Ginger Hultin, RDN, who’s in private practice in Seattle and is a spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. “Then don’t be paleo! Travel a lot and rely on eating out? The DASH diet may end in frustration for you.” The bottom line: The diet you choose needs to be safe and effective, while taking into account your lifestyle.

Popular Diet Plans Backed by Some Scientific Evidence

To help assist your diet choice process, here are the most popular diets today and their pros and cons. Read on to see which plan is best for you — along with which ones to avoid.

Ketogenic Diet (Keto)

This high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carb fad diet sends the body into a state of ketosis, in which the body uses stored fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. Past research suggests that the ketogenic, or “keto,” diet can be an effective weight loss method, but to be successful, you must follow the plan consistently with no cheat days — otherwise, you’re just eating a high-fat diet that may be high in unhealthy fats for no reason.

Although the keto diet is popular among people with type 2 diabetes, you should avoid this diet if you have type 1 diabetes or other specific metabolic disorders.

 But no matter what your current state of health, you should speak with your physician before beginning the ketogenic diet.

One of the diet’s biggest hurdles is hitting the low levels recommended for carbohydrates, says Hultin. “This diet likely means a lot of planning and bringing food with you to parties and events.” It may also cause side effects like keto-related diarrhea and constipation, fatigue, mood swings, headaches, and bad breath.

These symptoms are a common part of the so-called “keto flu,” which happens as your body adjusts to burning fat rather than carbs for fuel, experts say.

Pro tip: If you’re planning on doing the diet, check out a complete keto food list and read up on the healthiest fats for keto diet followers.

Paleo Diet

“A lot of people think the foundation of a paleo diet is high-fat meat, but I suggest that it’s vegetables,” says Hultin. The concept is to eat only foods — including meat, fish, poultry, eggs, fruits, and vegetables — that would have been available to our Paleolithic ancestors. This means grains, dairy, legumes, added sugar, and salt are all no-nos.

This diet involves lots of menu planning and preparation. One small clinical trial with 32 participants found that it could help people with type 2 diabetes lose fat, but the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics warns that the plan could leave you low on carbs, plus it doesn’t allow for nutrient-dense foods like whole grains, legumes, and dairy.

You’re also at risk of missing vitamins and minerals like calcium, vitamin D, and B vitamins.

Not getting enough bone-fortifying nutrients like calcium can also put you at risk for osteoporosis (bone loss).

Atkins Diet

This low-carb, high-protein diet has been around for decades. In fact, some say the keto diet is the new Atkins, though these popular low-carb plans are markedly different.

According to the Atkins website, the plan works in phases, with a very low daily net carb allowance of about 20, 40, or 100 grams in the first phase, meaning the diet may send you into ketosis. How many net carbs you need to stay under depends on the plan you opt for. (You can calculate net carbs by subtracting fiber and sugar alcohols from total carbs. This value, though an unofficial nutritional term, can give you an estimate of how much a food might affect blood sugar levels.)

 Unlike the keto diet, you’re allowed more carbs as the phases continue.
In one past review, researchers found that the Atkins diet can yield modest long-term weight loss, similar to that of the WW (formerly Weight Watchers) eating plan.

Because the diet is low in carbs, it may not be appropriate for someone who is on insulin or has diabetes — and because it’s high in protein, you’d want to avoid it if you have kidney disease.

DASH Diet

The DASH diet, or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, is mainly focused on reducing sodium intake and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables.

“This is a great way of eating that I highly recommend to many clients, and I even model in my own life,” says Elizabeth Shaw, RDN, who is in private practice in San Diego and is the coauthor of Fertility Foods Cookbook. “Since the premise of the diet is designed to help people who have high blood pressure, low-sodium foods are recommended. But considering that most Americans exceed their daily sodium levels anyway, it’s not surprising that dietitians recommend this style of eating for treating many different conditions, such as heart disease and obesity.”

In one review, people with prehypertension and mild hypertension who followed the DASH diet saw an improvement in blood pressure compared with a control group who did not follow the DASH diet.

 U.S. News & World Report has also consistently listed the DASH diet as a top diet in its annual rankings.

MIND Diet

The MIND diet, or Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay, is a sort of hybrid between the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet. It features foods meant to slow the progression or development of Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, and an incurable neurodegenerative condition that more than six million Americans are living with.

Some research backs up this notion, including one study that found a link between following the MIND diet and a reduced risk of dementia, though more research is needed.

This eating pattern typically emphasizes vegetables, berries, beans, whole grains, olive oil, and fish, while calling for a reduction in saturated fat and trans fat.

Because the MIND diet focuses on eating whole, fresh foods, people who follow this eating pattern may lose weight while doing so.

Low-Carb Diet

Many diets, including Atkins and the keto diet, fit into this umbrella. A typical low-carb diet plan suggests 60 to 130 grams of carbohydrates per day (very low-carb diet plans are typically less than 60 grams per day), but this can vary.

 One review reported that people following a low-carb diet experienced weight loss and a reduction in body fat, and it may also help improve blood glucose control — yet study authors note that the long-term effects of the diet require further research.

Following this type of eating plan can result in certain nutritional deficiencies, and it is not recommended for children or for pregnant or lactating women. Very low-carb diets can also be dangerous for people with diabetes on insulin, due to the risk for hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

South Beach Diet

Created by the cardiologist Arthur Agatston, this low-carb diet features three phases. The first phase is the most restrictive, limiting carbs such as potatoes and rice. Each subsequent phase becomes more lenient, and the diet emphasizes lean protein, unsaturated fats, and low-glycemic carbs such as nonstarchy vegetables. In general, the South Beach Diet aims to promote lasting lifestyle changes.

There are very few recent studies on the weight-loss effects of the South Beach diet.

 However, one past study of people with metabolic syndrome following the first two phases of the diet noticed significant weight loss, but also experienced higher hunger levels during the diet.

Like other low-carb diets, the South Beach Diet isn’t appropriate for children or for pregnant or lactating women.

Intermittent Fasting

There are many ways to do intermittent fasting — ranging from fasting for a number of hours each day up to an entire 24-hour fasting period one or two times a week. “If you’re trying to kick a habit like eating late into the night, then stopping eating earlier in the evening and fasting overnight could be beneficial for you,” says Hultin. “There are many types of intermittent fasting, so ensuring you pick one that works for you and your lifestyle is important.”

While its long-term efficacy for weight loss is unclear, reviews have found that 8 to 12 weeks of intermittent fasting may lead to a 3 to 8 percent reduction in body weight. The catch is, intermittent fasting performed just as well as other calorie-restricted diets.

Intermittent fasting can be really challenging if you have an ever-changing schedule,” adds Hultin. “If you’re traveling and crossing time zones, it could be very difficult to follow. It might be best for people with more stability in their lives.” Intermittent fasting isn’t safe for people with type 2 diabetes, children, pregnant or lactating women, or anyone with a history of disordered eating.

Dubrow Diet (16:8 Diet)

If you want to kick intermittent fasting up a notch, you may consider the Dubrow diet, popularized by the husband-and-wife duo Terry and Heather Dubrow. On this diet, you’ll fast for 16 hours and eat for eight, also called the 16:8 eating plan, a type of intermittent fasting. Over three phases, you will also limit calories, fat, and carbohydrates, which may aid weight loss, say registered dietitians.

This eating plan takes a whole-foods approach, and calls for avoiding processed and packaged foods, along with sources of refined carbs and desserts in general. One downside is that the plan limits nutritious complex carbs.

WW (Formerly Weight Watchers)

In September 2018, Weight Watchers International announced that it would be changing its name to WW, in what many outlets dubbed a rebranding effort. Their goal: to make the eating and lifestyle approach about wellness rather than only weight loss.

With Oprah as one of its most notable proponents, this eating plan has been around for years. Jean Nidetch founded the organization in the early 1960s, according to the WW website. It’s gone through many iterations, its most recent version being WW PersonalPoints. On this plan, you’ll take a personal assessment, which takes several lifestyle factors into account in order to give you a holistic, all-over approach to weight loss and your PersonalPoints.

Evidence suggests that WW’s plans promote long-lasting, sustainable changes, and in 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked it the best diet for weight loss. There’s little current research on this diet; however, one past clinical trial found that people following WW were close to nine times more likely to lose 10 percent of their body weight than those on self-help diet plans.

WW might also be a good option for you if you like the idea of community support. Connect is a members-only social community for people following a WW approach, and many people find that this support is key to their success. In fact, research shows that online support groups are highly effective at helping people lose weight.

Plus, WW has also begun offering access to weight loss medications such as GLP-1 receptor agonists for eligible users through its WeightWatchers GLP-1 Program.

Plant-Based Diet

Plant-based eating can take many forms, from vegan to vegetarian to pescatarian and flexitarian, which contains some meat. (Read about specific plant-based diets below.) All plant-based diets focus on eating whole, fresh foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes. Research suggests that, in general, plant-based diets are associated with a reduced risk of various chronic diseases, including obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.

Vegan and Vegetarian Diets

A vegan or vegetarian diet is best for people who do not like to consume animal products or by-products, for health, environmental, or animal welfare reasons. There are several benefits of eating mostly plant-based foods, including a potential reduction in chronic disease.

There’s a large spectrum of these types of diets. For example, vegans consume no animal products, whereas ovo-lacto vegetarians eat both dairy and eggs.

 Research has shown that this eating style can help you lose weight, though keep in mind that cutting out meat does not automatically make you healthier. Depending on the diet, it’s possible to become nutrient deficient.

Pescatarian Diet

Pescatarians are vegetarians or vegans who also eat fish. Prioritizing fish as your main protein can provide a bounty of health benefits, such as a lower risk of stroke and heart disease. In fact, a portion of fish twice a week may reduce the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease outcomes by about 10 percent.

Flexitarian Diet

You can think of the flexitarian diet as a plan for part-time vegetarians. With this approach, plant proteins, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and fruits and veggies will be staples, with the occasional meat dish thrown in.

Because the diet isn’t as restrictive as a traditional vegan or vegetarian diet, it may be simpler to stick with — hence its No. 2 ranking in U.S. News & World Report’s Easiest Diets to Follow category. Because you’ll be eating meat some of the time, you may also be at a lower risk of the aforementioned nutrient deficiencies that vegetarians and vegans may face.

While there isn’t a wealth of research on this eating approach, U.S. News points out that, because of the focus on plants, those who follow the flexitarian diet tend to weigh less than meat eaters and have a lower risk of certain conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean Diet is meant to reflect the eating pattern of people living in the Mediterranean. So, think plenty of vegetables, fruits, olive oil, fish, nuts, beans, legumes, and only a moderate amount of red wine and dairy. “Diets such as the Mediterranean diet are sustainable, have been shown to improve health, and aren’t restrictive or short-term,” says Asche.

Research shows that this diet is helpful for weight loss and reducing the risk of conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

It’s also been consistently ranked as the top diet in the U.S. News annual rankings.

Whole30 Diet

This popular diet program is fairly restrictive — and for the first 30 days, dieters must cut out grains, legumes, most dairy, added sugar, and alcohol without any slip-ups, according to the Whole30 website. The aim is to “reset” your body and adopt dietary habits that result in weight loss. Cutting out added sugar and alcohol has merit, but all the restrictions prove challenging and could lead to nutrient deficiencies and disordered eating.

“The Whole30 Diet does not allow for any whole grains or legumes, which are extremely beneficial to your health,” says Asche. “Whole grains are rich in fiber and micronutrients and are linked to helping to lower your risk of heart disease. The fact that the diet eliminates nutritious foods is a big red flag for me.”

Mayo Clinic Diet

This diet, created by Mayo Clinic, is a scientifically sound way to lose weight and lead a healthier lifestyle. To help participants learn which foods to eat and which to limit, the clinic created a nutritious food pyramid that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats in small amounts. You can find it on the clinic’s website.

In the initial two-week “Lose It” phase, participants can drop 6 to 10 pounds. In fact, a recent survey reported that participants lost 13 percent of their body weight within six months on the Mayo Clinic diet.

Anti-Inflammatory Diet

Though not always followed for weight loss per se, an anti-inflammatory diet is rich in whole foods (including fresh fruits and veggies), and low in packaged, processed ones (like french fries and pastries), so there is a chance you will still shed pounds with this approach.

Usually, folks follow this diet to help prevent or treat chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, depression, Alzheimer’s, and cancer. This is smart, considering inflammation has been linked to an increased risk of several chronic health conditions.

Adopting this diet is relatively simple. It isn’t focused on counting calories or carbs, and it doesn’t require any specific protocol. Instead, it’s more about the quality of what is on your plate. “The anti-inflammatory diet focuses on foods with nutrients that can calm systemic inflammation in the body, such as herbs, spices, tea, and cocoa. Another benefit of this diet is that it can be very flavorful because of the focus on seasonings,” adds Hultin, who also wrote Anti-Inflammatory Diet Meal Prep.

Low-FODMAP Diet

Designed for people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the low-FODMAP diet limits certain types of carbohydrates called fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols — FODMAPs for short. These are essentially short-chain carbs that the gut has difficulty absorbing, thereby stimulating IBS symptoms.

The low-FODMAP diet is not intended for weight loss and, because it’s so restrictive, it is only recommended by doctors for short periods of time.

Intuitive Eating

Unlike commercial diet plans, intuitive eating doesn’t require you to buy packaged food from a specific brand. And unlike fad diets, it doesn’t ask you to count macronutrients or calories.

Instead, this approach lets you eat everything and requires regularly checking in with your body to know when you’re full. It sounds simple, but it can be a sustainable way to approach nutritious eating, for weight loss or otherwise, say Evelyn Tribole, RDN, a private practitioner in Newport Beach, California, and Elyse Resch, RDN, who coined the term “intuitive eating” in 1995.

(Tribole and Resch coauthored the groundbreaking book Intuitive Eating: A Revolutionary Program That Works, and their more recent book, The Intuitive Eating Workbook: Ten Principles for Nourishing a Healthy Relationship With Food.)

Satiating Diet

Similar to intuitive eating, the satiating diet isn’t strict — the main thing it calls for is eating whole foods, like apples, oatmeal, peppers, and salad. The idea is that these fiber-, protein-, and fat-rich foods promote a feeling of fullness, so you’re less likely to overeat.

There’s legitimate science behind prioritizing these foods over packaged ones. In fact, plenty of research show that diets higher in protein and fiber (along with exercise) can increase satiety and help weight loss efforts.

One past randomized controlled trial also found that men with obesity who followed the satiating diet (instead of a higher-carb diet) lost more fat and weight, and had more success sticking to the eating plan.

Volumetrics Diet

The veteran nutrition researcher Barbara J. Rolls, PhD, created Volumetrics, an eating approach that closely resembles the satiating diet. Dr. Rolls, who is currently the director of the Laboratory of Human Ingestive Behavior at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania, argues that prioritizing whole, energy-dense foods, including beans, whole grains, lean meats, and fresh fruits and veggies, can help with weight management.

There’s very little research on whether the Volumetrics diet is effective for long-term weight loss and maintenance. One 12-week clinical trial of 37 healthy adults saw reductions in body weight and body mass index (BMI) while following the Volumetrics diet, but the study was too small and short to determine its sustainability and efficacy.

Nutrisystem Diet

If you don’t want to commit to counting calories, monitoring macronutrients, or meal planning, the Nutrisystem diet may be a good option. While on this eating plan, you’ll sign up to receive premade, low-calorie meals delivered to your home, as outlined on its website. (Nutrisystem foods are also available on Amazon.)

With Nutrisystem, each meal has a fixed amount of calories based on your age, sex, and any dietary requirements you may have. Generally speaking, the macronutrient composition of your meals will be high in protein, with moderate amounts of carbohydrates and fat.

The key factor for weight loss on this diet is your calorie deficit: Nutrisystem meals are designed to provide you with 1,200 to 1,500 calories a day, allowing you to lose weight while staying nourished.

Be mindful of a few things before you commit: Most research surrounding this diet’s effectiveness is funded by Nutrisystem, and while these studies have reported short-term weight loss in participants, the evidence for long-term maintenance is somewhat limited.

Also, the cost of Nutrisystem meals for one person per month works out to about $300 minimum, and you’ll want to supplement them with fresh fruits and veggies, nutrient-rich carbohydrates, and what the plan calls “extras” or “free foods” (such as condiments or add-ons) to make your plate more palatable. Lastly, the bulk of your diet will consist of prepackaged foods, which may not appeal to you if you usually prepare and enjoy fresh foods.

SlimFast Diet

As the name implies, the SlimFast diet claims you can lose weight — fast — by limiting your food intake to SlimFast-brand shakes for breakfast and lunch, a low-calorie meal (500 to 600 calories) of your choice for dinner, and three 100-calorie snacks per day. (Amazon, Walmart, and Target have SlimFast shakes and bars available for sale.)

While that may sound complicated, the weight loss mechanics of this diet are simple: Per the SlimFast website, you’ll limit your daily caloric intake to 1,200 calories for women or 1,600 calories for men, which will put you on track to lose a moderate amount of weight initially. Over time, your rate of weight loss will likely slow as your body adjusts to your new routine. Once you’ve hit your goal weight, you can replace one of your daily shakes with a second “sensible” meal of your choice.

The SlimFast diet comes in several categories, depending on your dietary needs, including SlimFast Keto and SlimFast Diabetic Weight Loss. You’re likely to lose weight following this diet, but the plan’s reliance on shakes may feel unappealing or repetitive. Also, the shakes and snacks are highly processed — meaning you’ll need to balance your diet with nutritious, whole foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to lose weight healthily.

Nordic Diet

This diet focuses on the traditional diet of people who live in Nordic countries — Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Overall, this eating pattern is whole food–focused, plant-based, and features lots of seafood; it also emphasizes the sustainability of one’s food choices.

The foods included in the Nordic diet are nutritious and have been linked to positive health benefits. One systematic review and meta-analysis found that following a Nordic diet is associated with “small, important” reductions in body weight and BMI, as well as in the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. That may be in part because the diet can help lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.

In general, this diet requires you to make most of your food at home and forgo processed foods, both drastic changes that can be a barrier for some people.

Blue Zones Diet

So-called “blue zones” are five locations around the world where inhabitants are 10 times more likely than the average American to live to age 100. They are Okinawa, Japan; Sardinia, Italy; Nicoya, Costa Rica; Ikaria, Greece; and Loma Linda, California. The traditional diets enjoyed in these places are a major factor in their effect on longevity.

Research shows that an emphasis on anti-inflammatory foods and stopping when 80 percent full are two dietary factors in the blue zones diet that help citizens eat moderate amounts of nutritious foods. (A decrease in stress and a strong sense of community are other driving factors.)

Research has also shown that eating more plant-based foods (which are often anti-inflammatory) is associated with a lower risk of heart disease and death from any cause in middle-aged adults.

This is a plan that’s focused on eating more nutritious foods, rather than overt weight loss. You might lose weight depending on what your diet consisted of prior, especially if you’re decreasing your overall caloric intake.

Whole Foods Diet

Nope, this isn’t a reference to eating all of your food from the grocery chain Whole Foods. Rather, the diet is a call to prioritize whole foods in their least processed form (like fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, lean meats, nuts, and seeds), while avoiding ultra-processed ones.

The whole foods diet is more of a guideline than a diet with set rules. The diet has no formal definition and there’s limited data on how it’s practiced, so it’s open to interpretation for each person doing it (which can be a major plus, as it’s relatively easy to follow).

Research shows that consuming ultra-processed foods contributes to excessive calorie intake, which can lead to weight gain.

 One randomized controlled trial from 2017 found that people following a whole foods, plant-based diet had significant improvements in BMI, compared with the control group, after six months.

That said, not all processed foods are created equal. Lightly processed foods, such as frozen fruit without added sugar or canned beans without added salt, can be nutritious, convenient, and help you stick to a nutritious diet. On the whole foods diet, it’s more important to avoid ultra-processed foods like frozen dinners, cakes, cookies, sugary drinks, potato chips, and processed meats.

Those with a history of disordered eating may want to avoid this plan, as it can become easy to overly fixate on clean eating and the ingredients in each meal.

Elimination or Exclusion Diet

This is not a weight loss diet, so going on an elimination or exclusion diet should come with no weight-related expectations. Instead, this category of diet helps you identify foods that may be causing food allergies.

The food elimination diet is a two-phase eating plan. In phase one, you’ll stop eating certain foods or food groups for a specific time period; in phase two, you’ll slowly reintroduce them into your diet one by one and watch for symptoms to reappear.

If you experience symptoms during reintroduction, you’ll learn what types (or portion sizes) of foods trigger your symptoms. Some common foods that may be eliminated include dairy products, wheat, eggs, soy, tree nuts, and shellfish.

Popular elimination or exclusion diets include the low-FODMAP diet, gluten-free diet, lactose-free diet, and more. Doing an elimination diet can be challenging, and it’s important to connect with a knowledgeable registered dietitian who can help guide you through it.

HMR Diet

HMR stands for Health Management Resources, and it’s a diet that’s been around for more than three decades, according to the diet’s website.

Ranked as the ninth best fast weight loss diet by U.S. News & World Report, the HMR diet is a low-calorie diet that relies on food replacements via portion-controlled shakes and entrées from HMR, plus fruits and vegetables.

The purpose of the diet is to promote fast weight loss. After you have lost the weight, you enter the maintenance phase, which helps you slowly move from meal replacements to cooking and purchasing your own food. There is limited research regarding the HMR diet’s efficacy, plus you have to take into account the cost of the meal replacements, as well as supplemental fruits and vegetables.

If you have a preexisting medical condition, talk to your doctor before starting a low-calorie diet like the HMR diet.

Asian Diet

There isn’t an official “Asian diet,” but this eating plan is based on the traditional diets of people living in Asian countries. Overall, this diet emphasizes plant-based foods and minimizes dairy and red meat. Specifically, it emphasizes rice, noodles, fruits, vegetables, legumes, soy, nuts, seeds, and tea. You can also consume alcohol occasionally. Making these overarching changes to your diet can help improve your health.

There isn’t a wealth of data available on Asian-style diets, but some evidence suggests that people living in these regions enjoy benefits of some of the elements in their diets, such as the focus on fish in Japan.

Ornish Diet

The Ornish diet is an eating plan that focuses on sustainable, long-term lifestyle changes. On this plan, you’ll prioritize plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and low-fat or nonfat dairy products, per the program’s website. It’s a low-fat diet, meaning fat should make up only 10 percent of your daily calorie consumption; you’ll avoid saturated fats in favor of healthy fats like those found in fatty fish, nuts, and seeds. You’re also encouraged to implement healthy lifestyle changes, like managing stress with meditation or yoga and adding a half-hour of daily exercise to your routine.

U.S. News & World Report consistently lists the Ornish diet among the most nutritious eating plans for heart health, and it notes its potential for weight loss, thanks to its focus on whole and plant-based foods.

Optavia Diet

The Optavia diet, formerly known as the MediFast, is a commercial eating plan that comes with prepackaged meals. There are three plans designed to aid weight loss or maintenance, per the Optavia website. Proponents say that the Optimal 5&1 Plan can lead to a 12-pound weight loss in 12 weeks, but there is no rigorous research on the Optavia diet.

Also, some registered dietitians argue that the eating approach doesn’t teach people how to change their eating and lifestyle habits for the long haul.

Climatarian Diet

The climatarian diet is centered around eating in a sustainable way, which means whole, plant-based foods. “In light of all the compelling evidence supporting the environmental benefits of plant-based diets, I strongly advocate embracing a diet like this that’s rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, fish and seafood, and whole grains,” says Hultin. Research shows that plant-based eating is associated with weight loss, as well as improved cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Jenny Craig Diet

The Jenny Craig diet is a weight loss program that requires you to purchase food from a specific meal plan, which includes prepared meals, snacks, bars, or shakes. (Packaged Jenny Craig foods are available on the brand’s website and Amazon.)

On this plan, you don’t have to worry about calorie counting — calories and macronutrients have already been accounted for in the eating program. Some research has found that people following Jenny Craig lose weight over the course of 12 months, but it can be expensive, and it doesn’t teach you long-term dietary habits to maintain weight loss.

Green Mediterranean Diet

The green Mediterranean diet is similar to the original — which includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts, and olive oil — but it’s slightly more restrictive. On this diet, it’s recommended that you avoid red and processed meats entirely, limit poultry, and include consumption of a duckweed (a superfood plant) shake, green tea, and walnuts daily.

One study found that following a green Mediterranean diet is superior for supporting heart health, compared with a traditional Mediterranean diet or a control group. (Both types of Mediterranean diets promoted a similar weight loss, about 12 to 14 pounds over six months.)

Longevity Diet

The longevity diet, developed by the director of the USC Longevity Institute, Valter Longo, PhD, promotes whole-grain carbohydrates and plant-based proteins and fats, as well as limits eating hours to 12 per day and fasting for longer durations intermittently.

“The research conducted by people like Dr. Longo and the Blue Zones Project provides compelling evidence for the effectiveness of longevity diets,” says Hultin. She’s on board with the diet’s call to eat more plant-based foods, but she encourages talking to a registered dietitian first before fasting.

Vegetarian Keto Diet

The keto diet, which is a high-fat, low-carb plan, is known for being pro fatty meats (bacon!), but a vegetarian keto diet turns that on its head. On a vegetarian keto diet, you focus on plant foods higher in healthy fats, like chia seeds, avocado, olive oil, and nuts, as well as cheese and eggs.

For vegetarians who rely on a lot of high-carb foods like pasta and crackers, transforming their diet in this way could lead to weight loss, though it can feel very restrictive and put you at risk of nutrient deficiencies.

Keto and Intermittent Fasting

This spin on the keto diet puts time parameters on when you can and cannot eat. One opinion paper from several U.S. university researchers suggests that keto-IF could be used to treat certain medical conditions, such as obesity, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative diseases, among others.

However, you should talk to your healthcare provider before combining these approaches, especially if you have diabetes and the timing of your food matters for blood sugar control and medication schedules.

TLC Diet

TLC diet stands for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes, and it has good evidence behind it. In fact, the diet was created by the National Institutes of Health to help people at risk of heart disease reduce their cholesterol levels.

In research, the majority of people who had abnormal blood work at the start of the diet decreased their total and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. The diet was also effective for reducing BMI and waist circumference in people who were overweight or had obesity.

Diet Fads to Think Twice About Before Trying

Raw Vegan Diet

The raw vegan diet is a more extreme version of the traditional vegan diet. In addition to eating no animal products (that means no cheese or dairy, too), raw vegans do not eat any foods cooked above 118 degrees F, the idea being that nutrients may be lost during the normal cooking process.

Because it’s so restrictive, it can be difficult to adhere to this diet. Experts have also found little evidence of the positive effects of raw vegetarianism, especially long term.

Military Diet

The military diet claims that you can lose up to 10 pounds in one week — a loss that can be dangerously fast. The fad military diet consists of low-calorie, odd food pairings such as bun-less hot dogs with bananas, carrots, and broccoli, per the military diet’s website. But dietitians are skeptical.

Diets that severely limit the amount of calories you consume (or eliminate entire food groups) can put you at risk of nutrient deficiencies, which can sometimes be more harmful than the weight you’re trying to lose.

Although potentially less harmful than some of the other fad diets out there (new and old), this type of eating plan may promote binge eating or other patterns of disordered eating.

Apple Cider Vinegar Diet

Proponents of this increasingly popular diet approach believe that consuming apple cider vinegar — essentially fermented apple cider — will help with both weight loss and blood sugar control.

“Although there are studies showing benefits of adding apple cider vinegar to your diet, there’s not enough evidence to show that consuming it daily promotes weight loss,” says Asche. “It is also highly acidic, which could cause irritation in some people, especially if consumed without being diluted or in large amounts.” In general, more research is needed.

Take note that while apple cider vinegar has many possible uses, it also poses side effects, such as tooth erosion.

 It’s also no replacement for blood pressure or diabetes medications — or for any traditional treatment, for that matter.

Cabbage Soup Diet

There’s no research to support the purported benefits of a cabbage soup diet. It revolves around eating plain cabbage soup three times daily, plus other foods on certain days. For example, on the first day, you can eat fruit (except for bananas), and on the second day, you can have nonstarchy vegetables but no fruit.

The claim? You’ll lose 10 pounds in just seven days, proponents say. While it’s true that you might be successful in losing weight, it likely won’t last. Once you return to your normal eating habits, you’ll likely put the weight back on — and then some.

Dukan Diet

French doctor Pierre Dukan, MD, created this high-protein diet, whose proponents boast that it can lead you to lose 10 pounds within the first week of the plan.

The Dukan diet consists of four phases, each with a rigid set of rules. The first phase, the “Attack Phase,” for instance, allows you to eat nothing but protein sources, such as beef, chicken, eggs, and liver. Once you reach the last phase, you’re supposed to eat three tablespoons of oat bran daily and consume pure protein one day a week, as noted by the Dukan diet’s Instagram page.

The diet may promote nutritional deficiencies, and people with kidney problems should avoid it due to its high protein. Additionally, there is no evidence to support its long-term efficacy.

HCG Diet

Human chorionic gonadotropin, or HCG, is a hormone produced during pregnancy by the placenta after implantation, and doctors sometimes prescribe it for fertility issues. But this hormone has also gained popularity as a weight loss supplement — and using it as such can be dangerous. In fact, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns against purchasing over-the-counter HCG, as these supplement products are illegal.

Consequently, researchers have widely discredited the HCG diet, which involves using HCG injections, pellets, sprays, or drops, and consuming as few as 500 calories daily. The diet is problematic because not only is there a lack of research on HCG supplements but also because the calorie requirement is dangerously low, potentially leading to nutrient deficiencies, fatigue, hormone imbalances, blood clots, and other issues. Thus, most experts agree that the HCG diet is not safe for anyone.

Cleanses and Detoxes

Ranging from just-juice to just-tea cleanses, these typically short-term plans can be dangerous. “Detoxes and cleanses are usually low in calories, protein, and fiber, all nutrients that our bodies need to function,” says Alissa Rumsey, RDN, who is in private practice in New York City. “These plans leave you feeling hungry and cranky, causing a rebound food binge once you stop the detox.”

Most people following a detox diet will regain weight once they stop the cleanse and begin eating regular food. Plus, a healthy body does a fantastic job of detoxing itself. Bottom line? Eat a healthy diet that provides enough energy (aka calories) to get through the day.

Alkaline Diet

The idea behind the alkaline diet is to help control the body’s pH through the foods you eat — encouraging dieters to cut back on acid-forming foods such as red meat and wheat-containing products.

Although eating more fruits, vegetables, and other whole foods promotes good health, the human body does a good job of regulating its pH on its own. Eating alkaline foods cannot sway that.

“The alkaline diet often has a focus on eating lots of fresh produce and unprocessed foods, which could be a good thing,” says Hultin. “However, keep in mind that this is not an evidence-based therapeutic diet. When people take it too far — for instance, drinking baking soda — or become too restrictive or obsessive over food choices, it can definitely turn negative.”

The diet may be low in certain nutrients, including calcium and vitamin D, so your doctor or a registered dietitian may recommend supplementation.

Blood Type Diet

It’s no surprise that this diet, also called the Eat Right 4 Your Type diet, focuses on an eating style based on your blood type. The diet claims to promote better digestion and absorption of foods, but there’s no scientific evidence to support this.

For instance, if you’re type O, you’d eat a high-protein diet focusing on poultry, fish, and other lean meats. Type B? You’re supposed to cut out chicken, corn, peanuts, and wheat.

The diet doesn’t account for chronic health conditions — and you might develop nutritional deficiencies based on its restrictive nature. One benefit: “The blood type diet gets people to dump processed junky food,” says Robin Foroutan, RDN, an integrative dietitian in New York City and a spokesperson for the AND.

CICO Diet

The CICO diet — short for “calories in, calories out” — has made waves on social media for its straightforward model: Take in fewer calories than you burn, and you’ll lose weight. While past research shows that sentiment to be true, there’s not much research on this diet in particular.

And because it doesn’t specify which foods you should eat and avoid, it may lead to nutrition deficiencies, experts warn.

Bottom line: Be sure to consult your doctor before trying the CICO diet.

Body Reset Diet

Similar to the CICO diet, Body Reset has gained popularity on social media, but there is no definitive research that suggests that the approach is safe and effective. Celebrity trainer Harley Pasternak created the plan, which is essentially a three-phase liquid diet consisting of smoothies and moderate exercise. While U.S. News notes that you may lose weight on this diet, it may be tough to stick with and isn’t safe for people with diabetes or heart disease.

Carnivore Diet

If you like eating meat and want to lose weight, you might be tempted to try the carnivore diet, a recent extreme diet fad that proponents have made some pretty outrageous claims about. One: that eating nothing but meat can cure you of autoimmune diseases. The problem is that there’s no good research to support that notion, or any other health claim.

Indeed, omitting foods known to be good for you — fruits and veggies among them — can lead to a bunch of unwanted side effects, including constipation and potentially dangerous nutrient deficiencies.

Still, since you’re cutting out so many food groups, there’s a decent chance you’ll lose weight, experts say.

Regardless of the potential benefits, this restrictive approach is definitely one you’ll want to ask your doctor about before you even consider diving in.

Boiled Egg Diet

The premise of the boiled egg diet is eating eggs every day. So, if you like eggs, this eating plan might be for you. There are many versions, according to The Boiled Egg Diet: The Easy, Fast Way to Weight Loss! by Arielle Chandler, but one of the most popular versions involves eating at least two to three boiled eggs per day.

Because you’re not allowed to much besides boiled eggs, this diet isn’t sustainable or sensible for long-term health and weight loss, registered dietitians say.

Lectin-Free Diet

Steven Gundry, MD, author of The Plant Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in “Healthy” Foods That Cause Disease and Weight Gain, popularized the lectin-free diet. Lectins are found in nightshades (tomatoes, peppers), legumes and beans, seeds, and nuts. Dr. Gundry and his followers argue that lectins can increase inflammation, cause gastrointestinal issues, and contribute to weight gain.

While the lectin-free diet may benefit some people, experts agree that research on this diet is limited, and eliminating these foods is not necessary for good health.

Candida Diet

Proponents of this diet claim that it can help eliminate extra yeast and “balance” the gut. But there’s not enough research on the candida diet, and there is no proof that it can treat yeast infections or thrush — two conditions caused by candida overgrowth. In fact, experts say that if any of your symptoms improve as a result of following this cleanse, it is likely because of a simple improvement in your eating habits.

Body Type Diet

Body type diet advocates believe that knowing your body type can help you determine the best diet and exercise plan for optimal health and weight. There are three so-called body types: ectomorphs, or lean and lanky people; mesomorphs, or those with a muscular, hourglass frame; and endomorphs, or people who are often described as curvy or stocky. The book Just Your Type: The Ultimate Guide to Eating and Training Right for Your Body Type suggests specific eating and fitness regimens for each type.

Yet the premise of eating based on your body shape or where you carry fat lacks rigorous research, so keep this major limitation in mind if you want to try the approach, and be sure to work with your healthcare team if you choose to follow it.

Golo Diet

The Golo diet may lead to some initial weight loss, but that’s likely because it restricts your caloric intake — plus, it’s unclear whether weight loss results from Release, the patented plant-based supplement that Golo sells on its website.

Some preliminary evidence suggests that individual components of this supplement may have a positive effect on body fat cells and glucose levels. But the evidence gathered was from a study done by a single author who received funding from Golo to pursue the research.

Yet there isn’t enough peer-reviewed, controlled research available on the Golo diet or its Release supplement to prove that they can lead to weight loss. (On its website, Golo lists four studies that indicate that the diet may lead to weight loss, but these studies were relatively weak because they didn’t include a control group — and because they were all conducted by Golo, there is a high potential for bias in the study results.)

In general, be cautious of any diet that includes a “magic pill.”

Mayr Method

The Mayr method attracted attention after actor Rebel Wilson credited it with her 2020 weight loss. To follow this eating plan, you’ll need to sign up for a stay at one of the VivaMayr luxury resorts, where coaches will prescribe you a “cure” based on four pillars: medicine, nutrition, exercise, and awareness.

This holistic approach to weight loss may combine treatments such as oxygen therapy, nutritional consultation, aqua cycling, and personal training, but individual treatments will vary depending on your choice of plan, as outlined on the VivaMayr website.

That said, this is not a feasible weight loss plan for most people, mainly because you will need to travel to a Mayr clinic get treated, which can be costly and time-consuming. Moreover, while you’re likely to make progress on such an immersive retreat, it may be difficult to sustain your weight loss once the retreat has ended and you return to your normal routine.

Lastly, many of the reported therapies used on these retreats, including laxatives, are not a safe way to lose weight, some experts warn. Plus, there is no scientific evidence that this diet is effective.

Sirtfood Diet

The Sirtfood diet became popular in 2020 after singer Adele posted a photo of her dramatic weight loss on Instagram, and the media, including People, reported that she transformed her body on it.

But what does this plan entail? First off, it’s named for sirtuins, a family of proteins involved in several metabolic functions.

Proponents of this two-phase diet claim that increasing your sirtuin intake, through polyphenol-rich foods like kale and dark chocolate, will lead to weight loss.

In the first phase, you’ll focus on limiting yourself to one meal a day, and drinking plenty of green juice (the Sirtfood-recommended juice blends several ingredients, including kale, ginger, and matcha). After a few days, you’ll move up to two meals per day, along with two servings of green juice. In phase two, you’ll spend two weeks eating three Sirtfood-centric meals, along with one green juice a day.

Once your three weeks are up, you’re encouraged to continue eating sirtuin-rich foods and drinking green juice, but you can gradually reincorporate other approved foods into your diet as well.

While this diet may lead to some weight loss, that probably has more to do with the fact that you’re restricting calories in the first phase of the plan. But, at 1,000 calories per day (and eventually 1,500 calories per day), you’re falling below what is typically considered healthy for most adults. (To learn your individual calorie needs, online calculators like the USDA’s DRI Calculator can be helpful.)

And while proponents of this diet tout sirtuins as being key to weight loss, there isn’t sufficient research to back their claims. You can enjoy many of the purported benefits of the Sirtfood diet by simply eating more plant-based and antioxidant-rich foods.

Watermelon Diet

The popular Netflix cheerleading series Cheer brought this diet to light. As the name suggests, this cleanse-style diet involves consuming nothing but watermelon (or watermelon plus light meals) for three to seven days. Watermelon itself is nutritious; the fruit contains vitamins A and C, antioxidant lycopene, and is 92 percent water, meaning its hydrating.

The watermelon diet likely works because you’re severely restricting calories, which will contribute to weight loss. That said, cleanses provide only temporary weight loss and may contribute to excessive hunger, headaches, weakness, and irritability — and they’re not necessary for your health.

Plus, there is no research to suggest that this diet is effective, healthy, or safe. Overall, watermelon is a nutritious and delicious fruit to add to your diet — but you should eat a balanced diet to maintain overall health.

Warrior Diet

The warrior diet has been around for more than 20 years and is a type of intermittent fasting. The crux is that followers eat in patterns that follow how our ancestors supposedly ate.

On the warrior diet, you are limited to eating during a brief period of the day; some proponents encourage fasting for up to 20 hours a day, leaving you a four-hour window to eat one main meal. In the evening, you eat your one meal without any restrictions. As for the other food you’ll eat during your window, the diet focuses on raw vegetables and fruit, small amounts of protein, and beverages (water, natural juices, coffee, and tea).

There is also an exercise element to the diet that’s important. On the warrior diet, you are encouraged to exercise during the day (focusing particularly on strength training).

While there are some benefits to intermittent fasting, with early research showing that it may be effective for blood sugar control for those who have diabetes and weight loss, there are no studies on the warrior diet itself, and experts consider it an extreme version of intermittent fasting.

Galveston Diet

Created by Mary Claire Haver, MD, the Galveston diet is geared toward improving menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and brain fog, aiding weight loss efforts, and helping women feel better overall. On this eating plan, you’ll avoid inflammatory foods (sugar, processed grains, fried foods, lunch meats, and diet sodas), practice intermittent fasting (eating within a window of eight hours and fasting for 16 hours), and decrease carbohydrate intake, while increasing sources of healthy fats, according to the diet’s website.

The overall basics of the diet — eating whole foods, exercising, and avoiding processed fare — are sound. Unfortunately, there is no evidence via clinical studies that the Galveston diet eases menopausal symptoms or causes weight loss. Plus, the program can be costly, which is a barrier for some people.

OMAD Diet

OMAD stands for “one meal a day.” The rules are straightforward: Eat your daily calories and nutrients at one meal each day, and fast (don’t eat) for the remainder of the day.

Eating one meal for an entire day will naturally decrease your calorie intake, which can lead to weight loss. However, OMAD is an extreme version of an intermittent fasting diet, which can lead to overeating and discomfort during your one meal.

This diet is also not suitable for children, women who are pregnant or nursing, or people who have a history of disordered eating. If you’re on medication that needs to be taken with food, consult with your doctor before trying OMAD, and avoid it if you have diabetes and are taking insulin.

Lion Diet

The lion diet is an elimination diet that involves only eating meat from ruminant animals (e.g., livestock, goats, sheep, deer), salt, and water. The purported claims are that that diet can help heal your gut, autoimmune symptoms, or both. As you begin to feel better, you’re encouraged to reintroduce specific foods.

Unfortunately, there is absolutely no scientific backing for this diet. “The lion diet is highly restrictive and lacks vital nutrients for health, making it neither safe nor healthy,” says Hultin.

Klinio Diet

The Klinio diet is a weight loss diet geared toward people with diabetes. It can also be used to manage blood sugar. However, the diet is subscription-based, and the company sells a fiber-based supplement, all of which can be cost-prohibitive. While certain features of the app-based program, such as food logging and glucometer syncing, can be helpful, you don’t need this specific app to do those things. There is also a lack of research on the effectiveness and safety of this diet.

The Takeaway

  • When choosing a diet, remember that everybody is different and what works for some people may not be right for you.
  • Focus on finding a diet that’s sustainable and aligns with your health, lifestyle, and dietary preferences in the long term, rather than looking for a quick fix.
  • Before starting a new diet regimen, consult your doctor or dietitian to ensure that it’s right for you. Some people with diabetes or other underlying health conditions may not be suited for a fasting or low-calorie diet, for instance.
  • What’s most important is choosing a diet that’s balanced, offers a variety of whole, mostly plant-based foods, and helps keep you full and nourished.
EDITORIAL SOURCES
Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.
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Lynn Griger photo

Lynn Grieger, RDN, CDCES

Medical Reviewer

Lynn Grieger is a registered dietitian-nutritionist, certified diabetes care and education specialist, certified personal trainer, and certified health and wellness coach. She completed requirements to become a registered dietitian at Valparaiso University in 1987 and completed a dietetic internship at Ingalls Memorial Hospital in Harvey, Illinois, in 1988. 

Lynn brings her expertise in nutrition, exercise, and behavior change to her work in helping people reach their individual health and fitness goals. In addition to writing for Everyday Health, she has also written for websites and publications like Food and Health Communications, Today's Dietitian, iVillage.com, and Rodale Press. She has a passion for healthy, nutrient-dense, great-tasting food and for being outdoors as much as possible — she can often be found running or hiking, and has completed a marathon in every state.

Amy_Gorin_Headshot_HRZ

Amy Gorin, MS, RDN

Author
Amy Gorin, MS, RDN, is a nationally recognized registered dietitian nutritionist in Stamford, Connecticut. She previously held editor positions at Health, Prevention, Parents, American Baby, Weight Watchers Magazine, and WeightWatchers.com. She has written and contributed to more than 2,000 health and nutrition articles for print, online, and broadcast media.

Gorin has also contributed recipes to several books, including The Runner's World Vegetarian Cookbook, The Runner's World Cookbook, and The MIND Diet. She publishes healthy vegetarian recipes on her blog, Plant Based with Amy, and specializes in plant-based eating.

Gorin shares her media knowledge through Master the Media, a media-training program for registered dietitians and health professionals, that helps experts with influence experience time and income flexibility.

Jessica Migala

Author

Jessica Migala is a freelance writer with over 15 years of experience, specializing in health, nutrition, fitness, and beauty. She has written extensively about vision care, diabetes, dermatology, gastrointestinal health, cardiovascular health, cancer, pregnancy, and gynecology. She was previously an assistant editor at Prevention where she wrote monthly science-based beauty news items and feature stories.

She has contributed to more than 40 print and digital publications, including Cosmopolitan, O:The Oprah Magazine, Real Simple, Woman’s Day, Women’s Health, Fitness, Family Circle, Health, Prevention, Self, VICE, and more. Migala lives in the Chicago suburbs with her husband, two young boys, rescue beagle, and 15 fish. When not reporting, she likes running, bike rides, and a glass of wine (in moderation, of course).